Muted Group Theory by Cheris Kramarae, which language is literally a man -made construction. It is a sociological tool that aids in the study of interactions between dominant and sub-dominant groups including, but not limited to, men and women.

Example, women as not free like men, ther are wish what they wish, the words and the norms for their use have been formulated by thw dominant group men.

Kramares, states that ” the language of a particular culture does not serve all its speakers equally, for not all speakers contribute in an equal fashion to its formulation.

Standpoint Theory developed by Sandra Harding and Julia T. Wood. A standpoint is a place from which to view the world around us. Whatever our vantage point, its location tends to focus our attention on some features of the natural and social landscape while obscuring others. Synonyms for standpoint
include viewpoint, perspective, outlook, and position. Women as marginalized group, where in, women can’t reallt express and do what they want because they believe that men is dominant than women. Men tend to want more autonomy; women tend to want
more connection.

This difference is evident in each group’s communication. The
masculine community uses speech to accomplish tasks, assert self, and gain power. The feminine community uses speech to build relationships, include others, and show responsiveness. Everybody have different standpoints depending on their social, political, economic, life, which affects their worldview.
Everybody has different experiences, the reality and truth is based on data and facts. And sometimes, marginalized viewpoints are more objective and accurate.

Genderlect styles developed by Deborah Tannen where in male-female conversation is cross-cultural communication. Genderlect is not original with Tannen, the term nicely captures her belief that masculine and feminine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects rather than as inferior or superior ways of speaking. A term suggesting that masculine and feminine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects.

Thus, the rapport talk or typical conversa-
tional style of women is also different to the report talk typical monologic style of men is both different especially in conveying message, public/ private speaking, telling a story, listening,asking question and when arguing or the conflict. Both men and women communication us different. Both men and women view highly person-centered comforting messages as most sensitive and effective; both see messages low in person-centeredness as relatively
insensitive and ineffective.

The two genderlects are anything but equal. “Men are used to dominating women; they do it especially in conversations. Women are trained to please; they have to please also in conversations.

Speech Code Theory its specific purpose is about the communication and culture. It recognizes the cultured based in shared meaning as well as values, to be able to understand others coordination and actions others. It reflects the culture of the society is, the culture itself depicts on what communication to be speak. The way we create our culture is the way also we maintain our culture.
Different culture, different speech communication.

Example, is when a person grew up to an island far away from where he/she studying right now. There is a possibility that he/ she doesn’t understand what others language is. There is a barriers even if same country but different culture.
Speech code is a code of determining by speakers and listeners also, be woven to the speech itself. It is historically enacted, socially constructed system of terms,meanings,premises, and rules pertaining to communicative conduct.

Face Negotiation Theory is the theory holds up the idea of maintaining a face according to their cultures. The face is nothing but an identity, the persona we keep up in the society-a public image. As face represents oneself in the society, the people display an attitude which is desirable to them. There are some factors in negotiating face.

Example is in a country, people who are individualistic seeks for right and freedom and tries to be independent as well. Face negotiation cannot be generalized in all situations.

Communication Accommodation Theory says that when humans talk to each other, they tend to change the way they talk to match the way the listener talks. It is it as “a theory of inter-cultural communication that actually attends to communication.

Throughout the theory’s extensive development, Giles has consistently contrasted two strategic forms of communication that diverse people use when they interact convergence and divergence . Convergence is a strategy by which you adapt your communication behavior in such a way as to become more similar to another person. Divergence is a communication strategy of accentuating the differences between you and another person. In interethnic encounters, you might insist on using a language or dialect with which the other is uncomfortable.

Example is when you went to another places like it’s either you divert the communication or you convert the communication behavior on the culture to the places you go.

Agenda-Setting Theory is the mass media have the ability to transfer the salience of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda. It is how the media shapes and influences issues of importance. The amount of time spent on an issue and the information relayed in a news story, along with the story’s position, determines how much a reader learns and the amount of importance placed on the issue.

An example is the media is emphasizing on what type of work every gender may be and not following the rules of the gender equality.

Media provide cues to public which tells them where they should focus their attention. This way political reality is set by the media.

Cultivation theory is about the notion that those who spend more time watching TV aremore likely to see the “real world”
through TV’s lens. The concept of “cultivation” thus refers to the independent contribution television viewing makes to audience members’ conceptions of social reality.

Television viewing cultivates ways of seeing the world those who spend more time “living” in the world of television are more likely to see the “real world” in terms of the images, values, portrayals and ideologies that emerge through the lens of television. Since this theory is the impact of Television among individual a good example is, being brainwashed by the TV programs like TV in U. S which has a great impact on to other nations. All of the stereotypes coming out of it.

Uses and gratification theory is an audience-centered approach that focuses on what people do with media, as opposed to what media does to people. This theory aims to understand why people seek out the media that they do and what they use it for. It is very different from the other theories since, people have the power over their media usage, rather than positioning individuals as passive consumers of media.

Thus, the study of how media affect people must take account of the fact that people deliberately use media for particular purposes . There is this typology classification scheme that attempts to sort a large number of specific instances into a more manageable set of categories. There are 8 typologies in this theory, it also holds that audiences are responsible for choosing media to meed their needs

Cultural studies is a theory by Stuart Hall, which is neo-Marxist critique that sets forth the position that mass media manufacture consent for dominant ideologies.

Thus, this theory which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. It represents a humankind in which the aspects studied in this field involves a variety of cultural expressions such as upstream media, literature, and art, among others.
Thus, society brings into perspectives like it gives meaningful demonstration of life that it cannot just determined by such political or economical instead, multi-approach.

Also, Cultural studies lies in the domain of anthropology and the sub-disciplines cultural and social anthropology and social psychology. These are sciences that study the facts of the real world and when applied to literature the facts of a fictitious story that is realistic, that is, realistic fiction.